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";s:4:"text";s:30404:"WebOne of the metaphors that has particularly proved its aptness for metaphorical representation of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis is the FIRE metaphor. Butler seems to get the subordination backwards. It. File previews. In July 2020, a US judge was quoted as writing that ICEs family detention centers are on fire [with coronavirus] and there is no time for half measures (Travassos et al., Citation2020). The result was a long piece of yellow ice hanging from his lips. Hows the weather in your neck of the woods? "running around like a chicken with its head cut offsuch was the simile that occurred to him.". Jess is as graceful as a Aggressive military powers and invaders are the most extreme examples of opponents, and wars are the most extreme examples of dealing with them. Probably neither of those, at least literally. For example, War metaphors for illness highlight the need to eliminate it completely through swift action, and background the possibility of adapting to and living with it. Similarly, as the pandemic requires most citizens to refrain from their normal activities, framing the virus as an enemy or an invader to be fought could run counter to public health messages about reducing contact with others and staying at home more than usual (see also Wicke & Bolognesi, Citation2020). See also: fire, play What is the moral lesson in the story "To Build a Fire" by Jack London? More importantly, there are both theoretical accounts and empirical evidence of the role of metaphors as crucial cognitive as well as communicative tools. Log in here. (Wilson, Citation2020). Metaphor involves talking and, potentially, thinking, about one thing in terms of another, where the two things are different but some similarities or correspondences can be perceived between them. More books than SparkNotes. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. -. I then introduce an initiative aimed at collecting and promoting alternatives to War metaphors for the pandemic #ReframeCovid and go on to discuss a type of metaphor that, based on an extensive analysis of its usage, seems to be particularly appropriate and versatile that of Covid-19 as a fire, and specifically a destructive and hard-to-control fire. Registered in England & Wales No. Yes, two different ways! WebBut that he sees the Romans are but sheep. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. Dont roar like a lion or fight like a giant, but roll up in a ball and wait, hope for better times. But, more positively, metaphors are too precious a resource to do without. Find the simile to complete the sentence: (Paragraph 23) It was like Find the phrase to complete the sentence: (Paragraph 29) He treated the. However, in contexts as different as science education and communication about cancer, it has been suggested that a range of different metaphors should be made available or encouraged, to reflect different aspects, perspectives, and needs. Daher sind wir noch nicht ber den Berg. Hope is the thing with feathers, Using a metaphor can give a bit more oomph to a sentence, statement, or verse than using a simile. Some metaphors are more strikingly original, such as descriptions of the virus as a a coiled spring ready to get out if we dont stay on top of it and as glitter that gets everywhere, or this Norwegian re-framing of what counts as heroic behavior in pandemic times: 6. hvis man skal vre helt i dise tider, skal man gjre som pinnsvinet. Pocket. Although one is directly dependent upon the other, the man does not want either to "not cease": neither life nor the fire. As we have seen, an argument can be made even for War metaphors to be used to suggest that an urgent threat requires an immediate collective effort. In this lightness Aneekas anger was short-lived. Why is it significant that the main character has no name in "To Build a Fire"? We use cookies to improve your website experience. WebDownload Fire Metaphors book PDF by Jonathan Charteris-Black and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. Eden WebDownload scientific diagram | The anger is fire metaphor in the MetaNet. For example, both are difficult and dangerous enterprises that require effort and concentration, and both involve harm to people, and, in some cases, death. Fire is life. Here are the definitions of a metaphor and simile so you can understand the difference: Metaphor: A metaphor is a direct statement describing what a place, object or person is. PLACE hospital, porch, seashore, Korea But that might not always be the right path to take. (Usually playing with fire.) When people describe the need for energy, passion and purpose they often use the image (metaphor) of igniting the fire. Life is a highway Italian commentator Paolo Costa includes a reference to the future in a lengthy forest fire metaphor, from a piece entitled Non soldati, ma pompieri (Not soldiers, but fire-fighers): 14. A crypt is usually an underground vault where the bodies of the dead are placed. With regard to health messages specifically, for example, Scherer et al. If a metaphor is present, write a simile to take its place. Fire Fundamentals The 3 Fire Triangle Elements! -- The man is comparing his own lightness of being as that of Mercury soaring above the earth. It takes some level of education and respect for language to use metaphor this way. You are playing with fire! 12 popular Firefighter Interview Questions to pass the test! The "it was like" aspect compares the sound of the snow Such evidence is usually provided via experiments where different groups of people read different versions of a text about a particular issue (e.g., crime, climate change, cancer), and are then asked the same set of questions about that issue. WebA simile compares two items with like or as. Either that or just use a certain four-letter synonym for fecal matter as an all-purpose metaphor: Please dont try to develop a spine. similes that are about math: However, the fact that fires can be destructive and hard to control has also been shown to make Fire metaphors useful tools for inspiring awe and exercising power in religious and political texts from different cultures and historical periods (Charteris-Black, Citation2017), and for legitimizing forceful law-enforcement interventions in response to social unrest (Hart, Citation2017). For example, in June 2020 a Pakistani minister described the coronavirus as spreading like a fire in the jungle in the rural areas of the country, while, in June 2020, the director of the Center for Infectious Disease at the University of Minnesota talked about a forest fire that may not slow down., The life cycle of fires can be exploited metaphorically to distinguish between different phases in the seriousness of the pandemic, in terms of numbers of new infections and success or failure in reducing those numbers. (Tufecki et al., Citation2020). This clearly applies to a highly contagious virus for which there is no, or little, immunity in humans. TGC Under Fire for Article Comparing Christs Love to a Sexual Encounter. Here Fire metaphors can be particularly useful. The narrator describes the tobacco spit that freezes to the main character's facial hair as being "like glass" because, if it fell from his face, it would shatter into brittle fragments. Butler seems to get the subordination backwards. At the man's heels trotted a dog, a big native husky, the proper *wolf-dog, gray-coated*. WebBe the spark that creates the fire #keepgoing #keepmoving #resilence #recovery #adventuretherapy #metaphor #adventure #psychotherapy #socialwork #wildfire In Egypt it represents a sense of superiority and control. It means that a relationship kick-starts immediatelyif two people get on In the extract below, from the 30th September edition of the BBC Radio 4 program The World Tonight, UK virologist Chris Smith makes an explicit comparison with forest fires to argue that the resurgence of the virus in the North of England in September 2020 could only be addressed by stopping contact between people (as opposed to more limited measures taken at the time, such as closing pubs early): 11. the way that you stop a disease spreading is in the same way as if we have a forest fire and we want to stop the fire, pouring water on it immediately where the fire is doesnt actually work, youve got to get downwind of the fire and you rob it of fuel, you create a fire break by cutting the trees down, so what that translates to in human terms is you know where the activity is, you stop those people transmitting, you stop them moving and giving it to other people, so you cut off the supply of fuel and oxygen to the fire. In order to make this abstract entry more concrete and vivid, a number of metaphorical expressions are used to depict inflation. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Whereas (a) highlights the potential influence of all metaphors, especially at the start of the pandemic, different metaphors for Covid-19 can be contrasted in terms of (b) and (c). Perfect for use in English or Guided Reading lessons to identify and explore figurative language. Typically, differences in the answers provided by each group can be explained in terms of the metaphors to which they were exposed, with evidence of metaphor framing effects on reasoning and inferences. Dale Chamberlain. WebA simile is a figure of speech that compares two otherwise dissimilar things, often introduced by the words like or as (you are like a summers day). But conversational speech is peppered with similes, too, and that makes us as happy as clams at high tide. Different studies, using broadly similar identification methods, have found them to occur, on average, between 3 and 18 times per 100 words (e.g., Cameron, Citation2003; Cameron & Stelma, Citation2004; Steen et al., Citation2010). But this approach is to actively encourage the fire. This eventually benefits the wearer because fewer fires mean were all less likely to be burned. In what follows I point out several other respects in which Fire metaphors can be shown to be apt for the pandemic more generally, and for arguably beneficial rhetorical purposes. Nonetheless, alongside the other members of the #ReframeCovid collective, I am often asked for an opinion about what metaphor or metaphors are most appropriate for the pandemic, and it is in fact possible to provide some answers based on previous research on what makes for an effective metaphor (Grady, Citation2017; Thibodeau et al., Citation2017) and of systematic analyses of communication about the unfolding pandemic. (Triggle, Citation2020; Iona Walker). In the specific data, I have analyzed, Fire metaphors are used flexibly and creatively for multiple purposes, particularly to: distinguish between different phases of the pandemic; explain how contagion happens and the role of individuals within that; connect the pandemic with health inequalities and other problems; and, Fires can spread quickly, be hard to control, and grow very large, causing large-scale and irreparable damage. eNotes Editorial, 18 Oct. 2020, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-are-the-metaphors-and-similes-in-to-build-a-188993. The extract from Medscape above (example 7), for instance, where people are trees and fuel, goes on to exploit the forest fire scenario to convey the effectiveness of quarantines and social distancing: 9. Citationin press, for a discussion of creative metaphors in the collection). And then the light softened, diffused, enveloping her in the peace that comes from knowing your own powerlessness.. comparing to math, yo dawg, this was so super helpful and stuff dawg like i, like really apricates the effort dawg! People use metaphors and similes daily in all types of communication for a variety of purposes, often without even realizing it. If a simile is Hurston in Their Eyes Were Watching God uses symbolism throughout the book followed with a vast amount of metaphors and similes. Which metaphors should be used, and which avoided? The #ReframeCovid collection of metaphors, http://wp.lancs.ac.uk/melc/the-metaphor-menu/, https://sites.google.com/view/reframecovid/home, https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1TZqICUdE2CvKqZrN67LcmKspY51Kug7aU8oGvK5WEbA/edit#gid=781680773, https://www.marktspiegel.de/nuernberg/c-lokales/osteransprache-des-ministerpraesidenten-dr-markus-soeder-ruft-zu-geduld-und-durchhalten-auf_a56910, https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2015.1024705, https://doi.org/10.1558/japl.2004.1.2.107, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/30/this-man-knows-hes-dying-as-surely-as-i-do-a-doctors-dispatches-from-intensive-care, http://www.settimananews.it/societa/emergenza-coronavirus-non-soldati-ma-pompieri/, https://elpais.com/espana/2020-03-21/sanchez-advierte-de-que-llega-la-ola-mas-duray-pide-fortaleza-y-unidad.html, https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2018.1407992, https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1289111, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-1923-march-2020, https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/18467082.coronavirus-millions-left-health-complications-vaccine-may-never-found-scientist-warns/, https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1663465, https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2018.1549835, https://morgenbladet.no/ideer/2020/04/ropingen-min-trengs-ikke-mer, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-on-coronavirus-17-march-2020, https://www.conservatives.com/news/boris-johnson-read-the-prime-ministers-keynote-speech-in-full, https://mg.co.za/news/2020-06-04-virus-spreads-like-fire-in-the-cape/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.006, https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/makingsciencepublic/2020/09/18/metaphors-and-realities-coronavirus-and-climate-change/, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/us/coronavirus-rhode-island.html, https://doi.org/10.1080/10926480709336752, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.023, https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/lofven-om-coronaviruset-ett-maratonlopp/, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/07/why-herd-immunity-strategy-is-regarded-as-fringe-viewpoint, https://theecologist.org/2020/may/05/we-are-not-war-coronavirus, http://cass.lancs.ac.uk/a-fire-raging-why-fire-metaphors-work-well-for-covid-19/, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2014-000785, https://lfpress.com/opinion/columnists/column-covid-19-adds-new-dangers-to-ill-advised-and-sometimes-deadly-port-huron-float-down, https://www.newstatesman.com/world/north-america/2020/04/using-military-language-discuss-coronavirus-dangerous-and-irresponsible, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016782, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052961, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.07.001, https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/87737, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51714498, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/04/dont-wear-mask-yourself/610336/, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240010, https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/927791, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. WebTo Build A Fire - Metaphors and similes Term 1 / 11 like a startled horse Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 11 Find the phrase to complete the sentence: (Paragraph 11) Once, coming around a bend, he moved suddenly to the side, .. Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by mrminhenglish The man, because he is human, ignores his animal instincts, which is another fatal flaw to his character. Hungry like a wolf If the storm is already overhead, it might be as loud as waves crashing on the shore. resonance in Landau et al., Citation2018); or, conversely, they may be inappropriate in parts of the world where literal forest fires are a regular or current threat. Of course, no metaphor can cater for all aspects of something as complex and long term as a global pandemic, nor for all contingencies and audiences. If you mess with Max, you are playing with fire. If the forest fire metaphor proves inaccurate or unwieldy, Semino has found others on Twitter and elsewhere. The anger is addressed through metaphorical imagery less directly. it was an unbroken white, save for a dark hairline that curved and twisted from around the spruce-covered island to the south. Which metaphors should be used, and which avoided? 5. (Wilson, Citation2020). You cant win a football game only by defending. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Not Soldiers but Fire-fighters Metaphors and Covid-19, Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, Metaphorical sentences are more emotionally engaging than their literal counterparts, This man knows hes dying as surely as I do: A doctors dispatches from the NHS frontline, Emergenza coronavirus: Non soldati, ma pompieri, Snchez advierte de que llega la ola ms duray pide fortaleza y unidad, Using metaphor in healthcare: Physical health, Communicating nuanced results in language consultancy: The case of cancer and the Violence metaphor, Metaphors for the War (or Race) against climate change, Using metaphor to influence public perceptions and policy: How metaphors can save the world, Riots engulfed the city: An experimental study investigating the legitimating effects of fire metaphors in discourses of disorder, The war on prevention: Bellicose cancer metaphors hurt (some) prevention intentions, The war on prevention II: Battle metaphors undermine cancer treatment and prevention and do not increase vigilance, Emotional implications of metaphor: Consequences of metaphor framing for mindset about cancer, Do metaphors in health messages work? fresh day, and water flashed like a mirror. At the time of writing, the collection includes over 550 examples in 30 languages, as well as some visual and multimodal metaphors, contributed by approximately 100 individuals. Simile: A simile is a comparison between two nouns using the words as or like. Similes involving water and fire include fire flickering like hot scarves, the fire moved like a dancer, fire smelled like a fresh day, and water flashed like a mirror. Sexton, Timothy. "the thick German socks were likesheaths of iron half-way to the knees" -- The socks are being compared to iron. For example, when Boris Johnson talks about a fight in his statement from March 17th, 2020, he talks about the attempt to reduce infection, illness, and death from the new coronavirus in terms of a violent physical confrontation with an opponent. We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make yourown. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. The most basic simile use is X is like Y. This WebFind the perfect fire prevention metaphor stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Fire serves as a productive and salient lexical Blanket of snow The novel is an updating of the classic Greek tragic tale of Antigone. The rationale for collecting and sharing alternatives to War metaphors was an awareness of the dominance of military imagery at the beginning of the pandemic, and the potential shortcomings of this imagery. It analyses how and why fire metaphors are used in discourses of awe (mythology and religion) and authority (political speeches and media reports). One moose, two moose. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Below are several sentences. First, it could be the man. Metaphors and similes are figures of speech that provide symbolic interpretation. In such cases, the focus in on being better prepared for future pandemics, or trying to prevent them altogether. You can help us out by revising, improving and updating In contrast, in May 2020, the Irish Prime Minister combined Fire and War metaphors when he stated that, in Ireland, the coronavirus was a fire in retreat but not defeated, adding: We must extinguish every spark, quench every ember. Nerlich (Citation2020) quotes New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Arnden, who was widely praised for her leadership during the pandemic, as similarly talking about the importance of actively testing those who might be at risk of Covid-19 as we hunt to find any burning embers of the virus.. Discuss the contradictions of the Progressive Movement. I then used the metaphor identification procedure proposed by Pragglejaz Group (Citation2007) to identify metaphorical uses of fire-related vocabulary. In this paper, I begin by addressing some questions that arise from the scenario I have just outlined: Why is the pandemic talked about metaphorically? The use of Fire metaphors to explain how contagion happens often sets the scene for explaining how new infections can be stopped. Abstract. A simile is a figure of speech that compares two separate concepts through the use of a clear connecting word such as like or as. Examples of simile are phrases such as He was wily as a fox, or I slept like a log. 2. Metaphor. A metaphor is like a simile, but without connecting words. It simply posits that two separate things are the same. GradeSaver, 30 October 2021 Web. This is a well-recognized problem with the metaphorical representation of sick people as fighters. Although for some people, in some contexts, that metaphor can be empowering (Semino et al., Citation2018a, Citation2017), it frames lack of recovery, or death, as defeat, as is indeed shown by the clich, in obituaries, of the deceased person having lost their battle with cancer. It is a bit more subtly allusive in the way this particular emotional aspect of the protagonist is handled. WebIn this epic simile, the Trojans' campfires burning on the plain before Ilion are compared to the stars in the night sky. Metaphor often comes in handy for the purpose of delivering an insult. WebBe the spark that creates the fire #keepgoing #keepmoving #resilence #recovery #adventuretherapy #metaphor #adventure #psychotherapy #socialwork #wildfire WebSimiles and metaphors make comparisons between two different things. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Webplay with fire 1. Available for both RF and RM licensing. There is also a fine balance to strike between persuading people to reduce the chance of being in danger, or being a danger to others, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, avoiding excessive blame on individuals. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. The risk is that too many sparks make it through and all youre left with is ashes. (Sample, Citation2020; Christopher Hart), Nerlich (Citation2020) mentions a contrasting use of a house fire metaphor by a citizen of New York to suggest that the consequences of containment measures may be too high for society and the economy: Just because the fire was put out doesnt mean the house wasnt burned down.. WebBe the spark that creates the fire #keepgoing #keepmoving #resilence #recovery #adventuretherapy #metaphor #adventure #psychotherapy #socialwork #wildfire A simile is a figure of speech that compares two otherwise dissimilar things, often introduced by the words like or as (you are like a summers day). WebInflation is often regarded as a dangerous phenomenon which poses a potential threat to economies in the world. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? The question of what makes a metaphor effective has been discussed from different perspectives, including laboratory-based experimental studies (e.g., Thibodeau et al., Citation2017), and surveys regarding public messaging initiatives on topics such as climate change (Grady, Citation2017). Calls for metaphors to be avoided altogether, in view of the potential harm they can cause, have a long history (e.g., Hobbes, [Citation1661] (1996); Locke, [Citation1690] (1979); Sontag, Citation1979). Yet, it appears that just like in the pair hen/chicken the age factor has a heavier clout than the size one when endowing the metaphor with positive connotations. Fire metaphors can also be adapted to paint different pictures of a post-Covid-19 future. The "it was like" aspect compares the sound of the snow extinguishing the fire to the sound of death coming for him. With regard to the pandemic, the representation of, for example, populist leaders such as Boris Johnson and Donald Trump as too strong to be beaten by the virus can indeed reinforce the perception that recovery depends on character, rather than a combination of demographic characteristics, genetics, circumstances, and medical treatment. Es en Madrid donde mayores tensiones existen para soportar la avalancha que sufre el sistema sanitario. I excluded fire-related metaphors for topics other than Covid-19. As such, in communication, metaphors are important rhetorical devices, especially when the aim is explanation or persuasion. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! What It is therefore not surprising that a new virus, causing illness and death throughout the world, and requiring urgent and radical responses from governments and citizens, would often be talked about through metaphors. Not Soldiers but Fire-fighters Metap . : Public Health Communication in an Age of COVID-19. In these cases, the metaphorical fire was already burning, and the coronavirus add[s] fuel to the fire or throws gasoline on the fire, for example, in the context of preexisting tensions in US prisons, or, at the individual level, in the context of long-term mental health problems. My mask protects you; your masks protect me. Sneezing is the most dangerous it spreads embers farthest coughing second, and speaking least, though it still can spread the embers. A metaphor is when a word is used in place of another to suggest a likeness (you are a summers day). How hot is fire? When thinking of her past, Nanda Kaul is not too rosy: "Looking down, over all those years she had survived and borne, she saw them, not bare and shining as the plains below, but like the gorge, cluttered, choked and blackened with the heads of children and grandchildren, servants and guests, all restlessly surging, clamouring All of these can all be struggled with, fought, and defeated. Grady (Citation1997) captured this tendency via the primary metaphor difficulties are opponents. Find the phrase to complete the sentence: (Paragraph 21) He started to untie his moccasins. Web6. The virus has been described, for example, as an enemy to be beaten, a tsunami on health services and even as glitter that gets everywhere. This paper discusses different metaphors for the pandemic, and explains why they are used and why they matter. It was as slippery as an eel. WebA simile describes something by comparing it to something else, using like or as: The snake moved like a ripple on a pond. Here, the metaphor exists in the comparison of the fire provider to a few possible things. "Home Fire Metaphors and Similes". hot scarves, the fire moved like a dancer, fire smelled like a An abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic. Similes involving water and fire include fire flickering like Some Sports metaphors, for example, share some similarities with War metaphors, namely, the positioning of the virus as an opponent and the contrast between winning and losing, as in this extract from a speech by the WHO Director-General (NB: When quoting from the #ReframeCovid collection, I include, in italics, the name of the person who contributed that example to the collection, except where I contributed the example): 1. Work like a dream This supports the concern that War metaphors may legitimize authoritarian measures that could in fact be disproportionate, and that could go well beyond the specific response to the pandemic. But just like a forest fire, COVID-19 needs fuel to keep going. The narrator describes the appearance of the snow and the distant trees of the Yukon, saying that. Here, the narrator uses a simile, a comparison of two unlike things where one is said to be like the other using the words like or as. Should metaphors be avoided altogether? Similes and metaphors are two types of figurative language that use comparison to create a vivid image in the mind of the reader. Figurative language is often used in poetry since it helps readers experience an event or feeling. Metaphors compare two things that arent literally related, whereas similes show how one thing is like something else. An overview of alternative metaphors is then provided, drawing from the #ReframeCovid crowd-sourced multilingual collection of metaphors for Covid-19. In these cases, Fire metaphors convey the dangers posed by people being in close proximity to one another, but without directly attributing blame: People are described as inanimate entities (trees, kindling, fuel) that are consumed by the fire they contribute to spread. WebMetaphors are comparisons that don't use the words like or as. (Tufecki et al., Citation2020). "The blood was alive, like the dog, and like the dog it wanted to hide away and cover itself up from the fearful cold." Thus, God is fire. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. A noun is a word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. they influence how we think and feel about problems and solutions (for overviews, see Gibbs, Citation2017; Landau & Keefer, Citation2014; Thibodeau et al., Citation2017). 3. (Citation2015) found that metaphorical descriptions of influenza (as a beast, riot, army, or weed) increased expressions of willingness to be vaccinated, as opposed to a literal description. Target domains tend to correspond to relatively complex, abstract, subjective, and sensitive experiences (such as life, death, time, and the emotions), whereas source domains tend to correspond to relatively simpler, more image-rich, and intersubjectively accessible experiences (such as motion, combat, people, and animals). 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