";s:4:"text";s:29987:" Hawaiian's recovery has been the slowest of the USA's top-10 carriers to date. A revenue passenger mile (RPM) is a transportation industry metric that shows the number of miles traveled by paying passengers and is typically an airline traffic statistic. That amounts to a healthy 19% profit margin on the $1.35 per mile in revenue. What Is Revenue per Available Seat Mile (RASM)? Passenger revenue per available seat miles increased 22.4% to 13.1 cents. b) number of passengers per flight. In order to calculate their RASM for a given period, an airline divides its total operating revenues by the available seat miles: RASM = Total Operating Revenues/Available Seat Miles. If RASM is greater than CASM, the airline shows a gross profit. TRASM is a key metric calculated for North America based on passenger data from the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Higher load factors, obviously, are desired because empty seats are an opportunity cost for an airline. This was likely driven by the US-China trade war and the spillovers resulting from it. WebThe most fundamental data to any analysis of the airline industry are traffic, capacity and the relationship of one to the other. CASM differs from RASM in a significant way. Total revenue per available seat mile (TRASM) increased 2.1% to $8.63 cents. Revenue per available room (RevPAR) is calculated by multiplying a hotel's average daily room rate by its occupancy rate. Available seat miles is the measure of an airplane's carrying capacity available to generate revenues. Typically the measure is presented in terms of cents per We took a look at key trends impacting Delta, American Airlines and United, which together make over 50% of the market, also analyzing key operational metrics. The statistic illustrates JetBlue's passenger revenue per available seat mile (ASM) between the fiscal year of 2011 and the fiscal year of 2021. It represents the cost, per mile, for an airline to fly one seat. Total fourth-quarter 2019 operating expenses were $10.6 billion, up 2.1% year over year, driven primarily by higher salaries and benefits, maintenance, and regional expenses. based on CASM. With 2019 over and done with, it is worth analyzing the relative performance of the major legacy carriers in the US. Deltas cargo revenue declined by 13%. Generating significant free cash flow to improve the companys balance sheet is also a focus of the airline. Passenger revenue per available seat mile (PRASM: a key measure of unit revenues) ascended 31% year over year to 14.29 cents. A revenue ton mile is an important metric in the transport industry that measures the amount of freight shipped and how far it's moved. A high load factor indicates an airline is efficient at selling seats and generating income. Uniteds Passenger RASM was 13.90, while the average yield per available seat mile was at 16.55. Cost per available seat mile (CASM) Labor cost. Cost per available seat mile (CASM) Labor cost. At the end of the day its not just about having bottom-line growth, top-line also matters. Very similar to the loss leader strategy common in retail sales, the airlines know the revenue they generate from these basic fares will probably not be enough to maintain profitability. This statistic is not included in your account. Revenue passenger mile (RPM) is a transportation industry metric primarily used by the airline industry to show the number of miles traveled by paying passengers. Airline Industry Related Transportation Terms Industries At a Glance Performance Growth Rates Profitability Valuation Financial Strength Markets At a Glance CASM is often widely quoted when comparing the efficiency of one carrier versus another, or in assessing the merits of one aircraft type versus others. Delta Air Lines Q3 2022 Earnings Report Recap, United Airlines Q4 2021 Earnings Report Recap, Delta Air Lines Q2 FY2022 Earnings Report Preview: What to Look For, Cost Per Available Seat Mile (CASM): Definition, Formula, Example, Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Formula and How to Use It, U.S. Carrier Traffic Statistics through February 2021. US carrier capacity analysis. It is obtained by dividing operating income by available seat miles (ASM). Jet fuel costs and labor costs. The downward pressure in airfare from upstarts such as Spirit are driving down revenues for the industry. Passenger Yield (Passenger Revenue Yield per Revenue Passenger Mile) The average amount of revenue received per paying passenger flown one mile. Revenue per available seat mile or RASM is a measurement used to compare the financial performance of airlines, based on revenue per available seat. These Stats Would Say So Delta, which outperformed its competitors, United Airlines To Increase Guam-Japan Flights This Summer, Uganda Airlines Reinstates Fifth Johannesburg Flight, Turkish Airlines Closes 2022 With $2.7 Billion Profit, South African Airways Unveils Plans For Airbus A350s, Qantas Says Too Many Airbus A380s Are Returning From Storage At Once, Lightning Damages Fuselage Of Dallas-Bound American Airlines Boeing 787-9. The figure is also lower than its major competitors. to incorporate the statistic into your presentation at any time. It is obtained by dividing operating income by available seat miles (ASM). This compensation may impact how and where listings appear. All three major carriers experienced strength in passenger demand, which has driven load factor higher along with profits. Airlines use revenue per available seat mile (RASM) to measure the total operating revenue they generate per seat (empty or full) per mile flown. A revenue passenger mile (RPM) is a transportation industry metric that shows the number of miles traveled by paying passengers and is typically an airline traffic statistic. American canceled approximately 10,000 flights in the fourth quarter of 2019 alone and has removed all MAXs from flights until June 3rd, 2020. Generally, the higher the RASM, the more profitable the airline under question. What Is Revenue per Available Seat Mile (RASM)? By pressing 'Agree.' We wrote a more detailed article about Deltas performance in 2019, however, it is still worth noting that in December quarter 2019 the airline recorded a pre-tax income of $1.4 billion with net income of $1.1 billion. Profit margin data. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. Available seat miles (ASM) measures the carrying capacity of an airplane that's available to generate revenue. When he isn't working as an analyst he's frequently found outside watching planes fly overhead or flying in them. CASM is calculated by taking all of an airlines operating expenses and dividing it by the total number of available seat miles produced. WebFourth-quarter total revenue per available seat mile (TRASM) increased by 1.7 percent compared to the fourth quarter of 2017 on a 1.4 percent increase in total available seat miles. Revenue Passenger Miles (RPMs) This is the basic measure of airline passenger traffic. It combines passenger ticket revenue with ancillary and cargo revenue as reported in an airlines quarterly Form41 reporting and WebRevenue per available seat mile (RASM) Passenger yield. The statistic illustrates JetBlue's passenger revenue per available seat mile (ASM) between the fiscal year of 2011 and the fiscal year of 2021. By explicitly including all sources of revenue, RASM includes the myriad of revenue sources air carriers have experimented with including fees or charges for baggage, seat selection, food and drink, and Wi-Fi. A Revenue Passenger Mile is a transportation industry metric that shows the number of miles traveled by paying passengers. This metric is found by multiplying the number of seats on each plane by the number of miles that plane flies during a particular period of time (such as a month, quarter, or year) and summing up the results. It is obtained by dividing operating income by available seat miles (ASM). RPM shows traffic volume, but it goes hand-in-hand with ASM to give airline management critical data about how many seats it must fill to achieve greater profitability. Adjusting for stage length 1 1. WebThats after losing $118.5 billion in 2020. Mar 10, 2022 Southwest Airlines grew its available seat miles (ASMs) from 120.58 billion in 2011 to 157.25 billion in 2019. WebOn the revenue side the two important measures are yield and RASM (Total Revenue per available Seat-Mile), while for costs the yardstick is CASM, or Cost per Available Seat-Mile. is a common but crude industry work-around. Generally, the higher the RASM, the more profitable the airline under question. TRASM is a key metric calculated for North America based on passenger data from the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Webd) are not considered when planning a budget., Which is a fixed cost? Deltas was 86.3% 0.8% up. WebRevenue per available seat mile (RASM) Passenger yield. WebAmerican Airlines in 2015 reported revenues of $40.9 billion while in 2016 reported revenues of $40.1 billion, a slight decrease. WebOperating revenue yield per Available Seat Mile Average Yield per ASM Transportation Term Represents the average scheduled flown passenger fare revenue for each available seat mile (ASM). Register in seconds and access exclusive features. Despite not being the biggest airline in terms of passenger numbers, Delta Air Lines definitely stands out as a leader in the market across all sectors including load factor, CASM and yield, and total profits. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and behavioral finance. He firmly believes that the best way to fly between JFK and BOS is via DFW and is always willing to go for that extra elite qualifying mile. Stage-length adjusted revenue per available seat. He earned the Chartered Financial Consultant designation for advanced financial planning, the Chartered Life Underwriter designation for advanced insurance specialization, the Accredited Financial Counselor for Financial Counseling and both the Retirement Income Certified Professional, and Certified Retirement Counselor designations for advance retirement planning. c) miles logged. Hence, an airline with a single plane of 170 seats that travels 4,500 miles per day is generating 765,000 ASMs each day. WebThe most fundamental data to any analysis of the airline industry are traffic, capacity and the relationship of one to the other. United CASM was at 14,11 cents and as low as 10.53 after excluding special items and fuel. and more. Many of these airlines discount the cost of their basic fares significantly in order to attract customers. As more people take to the skies to travel within their own countries and to foreign lands, RPM (or RPK for countries on the metric system) will only grow. American Airlines' value includes U.S. Airways and America West. Revenue Passenger Miles (RPMs) This is the basic measure of airline passenger traffic. Cost per available seat mile decreased 4.6%. Passenger Revenue per Available Seat Mile (PRASM) is a term thrown around the airline industry often. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. The load factor is a percentage indicating how effective the airline is at selling seats and earning revenue. WebPassenger revenue per available seat mile (PRASM)Passenger revenue divided by ASMs. TRASM (total operating revenue per available seat mile) Calculating TRASM. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Mainline operations only were considered for calculating the domestic RASM. However, analysts are quite right in their insatiable quest to find PRASM growth. WebZNHYY (China Southern Airlines Co) Passenger Revenue per Available Seat Mile (Cents) as of today (February 22, 2023) is 0.00. However, the revenue passengers for the route are 190 passengers per leg. Anthony Battle is a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER professional. While the maximum loss to operate one flight of 1,000 miles is $32,357, the maximum profit with 100% of all seats sold is only $11,038. According to the IATA, costs were higher in 2020 than in 2019 per available seat mile because airlines could not "spread" costs over large capacity bases. Revenue per accessible seat mile (RASM) is a unit of measurement commonly used to compare the effectiveness of different airlines. Hence, Blank Airlines has 238,000 Available Seat Kilometers per flight leg. Hawaiian's recovery has been the slowest of the USA's top-10 carriers to date. Revenue per available seat mile (RASM) is a unit of measurement commonly used to compare the efficiency of various airlines. c) miles logged. Revenue Passenger Miles (RPMs) This is the basic measure of airline passenger traffic. Consolidated passenger revenue per available seat mile (a key measure of unit revenues) increased 24.6%. Transport-related revenue like regional operations were not considered. Airline Industry Related Transportation Terms Industries At a Glance Performance Growth Rates Profitability Valuation Financial Strength Markets At a Glance Short for revenue per available seat-mile, RASM is a measure of airline profitability. We took a look at the most important metrics in the aviation industry that reflect operational efficiency as well as revenue management. A low CASM indicates the airline is efficient at managing its costs, which could lead to higher profit margins. Cost per available seat mile (CASM) Labor cost. The distance between the two airports is 1,190 KM, which means that the RPK per leg flown is 190 (the passenger demand) multiplied 1,190 (the distance traveled by the passengers). Accessed May 22, 2021. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. A natural extension of CASM is RASM, or revenue per available seat mile, which helps facilitate a revenue to expense comparison, particularly helpful when comparing rival airlines or results to a benchmark. You can only download this statistic as a Premium user. This airline traffic statistic will help governments plan airport capacity and slots for individual airlines. Airlines list their RASMalso referred to as "operating unit revenue"in their quarterly and annual financial statements. In conjunction with the ASM data, it was demonstrated that American was the most efficient in loading its fleet during the year. RASM is the counterpart to CASM, in that it measures how much money is generated for airlines per seat mile. This compensation may impact how and where listings appear. WebRevenue per Available Seat Mile (RASM) Also called "unit revenue," this figure is calculated by dividing the airlines total revenue by its total the available seat miles. WebThe most fundamental data to any analysis of the airline industry are traffic, capacity and the relationship of one to the other. As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. Revenue is represented in cents and is not solely limited to ticket sales, as other factors of efficiency and profitability are taken into account. He earned the Chartered Financial Consultant designation for advanced financial planning, the Chartered Life Underwriter designation for advanced insurance specialization, the Accredited Financial Counselor for Financial Counseling and both the Retirement Income Certified Professional, and Certified Retirement Counselor designations for advance retirement planning. Total revenue per available seat mile (TRASM) increased 2.1% to $8.63 cents. It is obtained by dividing operating income by available seat miles . WebAmerican Airlines in 2015 reported revenues of $40.9 billion while in 2016 reported revenues of $40.1 billion, a slight decrease. WebRevenue per available seat mile (RASM) is a unit of measurement commonly used to compare the efficiency of various airlines. Cost per available seat mile (CASM) is a widely used unit of measurement to compare theefficiencyof various airlines. An airline's CASM is reported on its quarterly and annual financial statements. Cost per available seat mile decreased 4.6%. This metric overlooks the dollar amount factor. One criticism of CASM is that some airlines exclude fuel costs in their calculation, which then calls into question the accuracy of the metric. Instead, the airline will need to become adept at upselling, or enticing the customer to purchase additional items, such as inflight entertainment, meals, and beverages. It is obtained by dividing the operating costs of an airline by available seat miles (ASM). Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Revenue per available seat mile (RASM) is a term airlines use to describe and evaluate their financial performance. Investopedia does not include all offers available in the marketplace. Adam received his master's in economics from The New School for Social Research and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in sociology. Total fourth-quarter 2018 operating expenses were $10.4 billion, up 4.2 percent year-over-year, driven by a 19.6 percent increase in consolidated fuel expense. WebCASM Cost per Available Seat Mile is measure of unit cost in the airline industry. Revenue per accessible seat mile (RASM) is a unit of measurement commonly used to compare the effectiveness of different airlines. Delta Airlines had the second-highest CASM of 14.67, however, after excluding special items and fuel, it was the lowest at 10.52 (mainly due to a billion-dollar profit-sharing announced by the airline). b) number of passengers per flight. WebSystem Passenger Revenue per Available Seat Mile (PRASM) Cents per Available Seat Mile: 1995: 1996: 1997: 1998: 1999: 2000: 2001: 2002: 2003: 2004: 2005: 2006: 2007: 2008 If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. Full-year operating profits reached $3.07 billion with an operating profit of 6.3%. Hemal took his first flight at four years old and has been an avgeek since then. RASM is the counterpart to CASM, in that it measures how much money is generated for airlines per seat mile. Available seat miles (ASMs) increased 18% to 9.5 billion. Available seat miles is the measure of an airplane's carrying capacity available to generate revenues. If you know the LF and Yield for a flight or set of flights, then you also know the unit revenue or RASM/K. How Much Airline Revenue Comes From Business Travelers? How Does Load Factor Impact Airline Profitability? Its a division of passenger revenue by available seat miles. With the exception of Delta, the other airlines felt the impact of the grounding, leading to flight cancellations and lower profitability. WebSAVE (Spirit Airlines) Total Revenue per Available Seat Mile (Cents) as of today (March 01, 2023) is 10.81. The statistic illustrates some U.S. airlines' domestic revenue per available seat mile (RASM) on a stage-length adjusted basis in the third quarter of 2018. What Is Revenue Per Available Seat Mile (RASM)? Oliver Wyman. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. "Airline Data Project 'Glossary'.". Understanding Revenue Per Available Seat Mile (RASM), Calculating Revenue Per Available Seat Mile (RASM), Revenue Per Available Seat Mile (RASM) vs. Revenue per available seat mile (RASM) is an especially important metric for low-cost airlines. Jet fuel costs and labor costs. Hence, Blank Airlines has 238,000 Available Seat Kilometers per flight leg. Only 5 percent of its flights go beyond New Zealand and Australia, but these account for 60 percent of the airlines available seat kilometers. The CASM is then expressed in cents. Only 5 percent of its flights go beyond New Zealand and Australia, but these account for 60 percent of the airlines available seat kilometers. For example, an airplane with 100 passengers that flies 250 miles has generated 25,000 RPM. WebZNHYY (China Southern Airlines Co) Passenger Revenue per Available Seat Mile (Cents) as of today (February 22, 2023) is 0.00. In fact, its management states that unit costs are among the lowest in the industry. To calculate CASM, the airlines divide their operating costs by the available seat miles. American Airlines carried 215 million passengers in 2019 (up 5.6%), while United carried 162 million, 2.6% higher than a year earlier. "Southwest Airlines Reports Fourth Quarter Profit and Full Year Results, January 27, 2022.". Total revenue per available seat mile (TRASM) rose 25.8% to 19.29 cents. Total operating expenses of $760 million, representing 93% of total operating revenue. WebRevenue Per Available Seat Mile (RASM) is a unit of measurement commonly used to compare the efficiency of various airlines. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information American Airlines in 2015 reported revenues of $40.9 billion while in 2016 reported revenues of $40.1 billion, a slight decrease. Passenger revenue per available seat mile (PRASM: a key measure of unit revenues) ascended 31% year over year to 14.29 cents. Airlines include income derived from their normal everyday business operations in their RASM calculation and exclude one-time operating adjustments or events, such as the sale of company assets. Whole year operating income was at $6.618 billion, a 14.07% margin, the highest from all three airlines. First-Class: What's the Difference? A revenue passenger mile (RPM) is a transportation industry metric that shows the number of miles traveled by paying passengers and is typically an airline traffic statistic. American Airlines recorded 71.2 billion RPM, Delta Airlines registered 61.2 billion RPM, and United Airlines had 57.1 billion RPM. This carrying capacity of an airplane is used to estimate revenues and costs. Generally, the higher the RASM, the more profitable the airline under question. The statistic illustrates some U.S. airlines' domestic revenue per available seat mile (RASM) on a stage-length adjusted basis in the third quarter of 2018. April 23, 2019. is a common but crude industry work-around. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set RPM is an asset utilization metric that calculates the rate of utilization or occupancy of the airplane by the travelers. The distance between the two airports is 1,190 KM, which means that the ASK per leg flown is 200 (the available seats) multiplied 1,190 (the distance these seats can be flown). Annual car sales worldwide 2010-2022, with a forecast for 2023, Number of cars sold in the U.S. 1951-2021, Battery electric vehicles in use worldwide 2016-2021, Annual gas prices in the United States 1990-2021, Automotive industry worldwide - statistics & facts, Motorcycle industry in the United States - statistics & facts, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. Thomas J. Brock is a CFA and CPA with more than 20 years of experience in various areas including investing, insurance portfolio management, finance and accounting, personal investment and financial planning advice, and development of educational materials about life insurance and annuities. These numbers for Delta stood at 15.35 cents and 17.79 cents accordingly. However, when demand decreases, the airlines have a tough call to make: sell seats at a cheaper price to keep planes full or cut supply while increasing fares resulting in less seats. Revenue per available seat mile (RASM) is a unit of measurement commonly used to compare the efficiency of various airlines. Cost per available seat mile (CASM) is a measure of an airplane's cost to operate and ability to generate revenues. This shows that no airline big or small is immune from the importance of PRASM. Accessed March 04, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/527810/us-airlines-domestic-revenue-per-asm/, Oliver Wyman. Stage-adjusted CASK = unadjusted CASK x (current stage length target stage length) 0.5 . Currently, you are using a shared account. Fourth-quarter total revenue per available seat mile (TRASM) increased by 0.5% compared to the fourth quarter of 2018 on a 2.9% increase in total available seat miles. Cost per available seat mile, or CASM: American Airlines had a CASM of 14.98 cents (11.46 without special items and fuel). Consolidated passenger revenue per available seat mile (a key measure of unit revenues) increased 24.6%. As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. JetBlue recently mentioned that due to pricing wars they are having a tough time in their New Jersey to Florida routes. It combines passenger ticket revenue with ancillary and cargo revenue as reported in an airlines quarterly Form41 reporting and CASM is often widely quoted when comparing the efficiency of one carrier versus another, or in assessing the merits of one aircraft type versus others. Revenue per available seat mile (RASM) improved 31.2% to 15.84 cents. Traffic, measured by revenue passenger miles (RPMs), and capacity, measured by available seat miles (ASMs), are together used to determine Average Load Factor (ALF) the proportion of airline output that is actually sold. With no 737 MAX jets in its fleet, Delta did not feel the impact of the grounding, which has contributed to its relatively better results in comparison to the competition. It is calculated by dividing total operating revenue by available seat miles. ", Oliver Wyman, Domestic U.S. airlines' revenue per available seat mile in Q3 2018 (in U.S. dollar cents)* Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/527810/us-airlines-domestic-revenue-per-asm/ (last visited March 04, 2023), Domestic U.S. airlines' revenue per available seat mile in Q3 2018 (in U.S. dollar cents)* [Graph], Oliver Wyman, April 23, 2019. is a common but crude industry work-around. Additionally, revenue per available seat mile increased 23.4% to 13.7 cents. WebRevenue per available seat mile (RASM) Load factors; Passenger yield; Ancillary revenue; Stage-length adjusted revenue per available seat; Cost per available seat mile (CASM) Labor cost; Jet fuel costs and labor costs; Profit margin data; US carrier capacity analysis; Global industry capacity trends for major world regions Are you interested in testing our business solutions? Generally, the higher the RASM, the more profitable the airline under question. Generally, the higher the RASM, the more profitable the airline under question. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Investopedia does not include all offers available in the marketplace. Year over year, Sun Country's total revenue per available seat mile (TRASM) for scheduled service increased 27.3%, total fare climbed to over $177, and ticket plus ancillary revenue grew 45%. Total operating expenses per available seat mile (CASM) increased 21% to $8.00 cents. Because RASM includes these forms of revenue, it's an important metric in tracking an airline's financial performance. In the US, except for spikes at major holidays, passenger traffic stayed around 40 percent of 2019 levels through most of the second half of 2020, based on traveler checkpoint data from the "Southwest Airlines Co. 2021 Annual Report to Shareholders," Pages 6-7, 25, 59-60, 123. However, the revenue passengers for the route are 190 passengers per leg. A revenue passenger mile (RPM) is a transportation industry metric that shows the number of miles traveled by paying passengers and is typically an airline traffic statistic. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. The healthy profits of the U.S. airlines arent satisfying analysts and investors. The Department of Transportation's (DOT) Bureau of Transportation Statistics maintains datasets of aggregate RPM as well as ASM for domestic and international flights. Though revenues declined both airlines had extremely healthy profits at the end of the year. They believe that is a sign of long-term sustainability. It reflects how many of an airline's available seats were actually sold. While the maximum loss to operate one flight of 1,000 miles is $32,357, the maximum profit with 100% of all seats sold is only $11,038. Ancillary revenue. Cost per available seat mile, as the name suggests, reflects the costs incurred by an airline to fly a single-seat one mile. Passenger traffic at Tokyo International Airport in Japan 2012-2021, Number of terminal passengers at Narita Airport in Japan 2013-2022, Number of passengers carried via domestic air transport in Japan 2012-2021. Demand for air cargo continues to rise to meet e-commerce needs. US carrier capacity analysis. WebCASM Cost per Available Seat Mile is measure of unit cost in the airline industry. Uniteds Passenger RASM was 13.90, while the average yield per available seat mile was at 16.55. Adjusting for stage length 1 1. WebCalculated as Revenue Passenger Miles/Available Seat Miles. December quarter 2021 adjusted pre-tax income of $170 million, adjusted pre-tax margin of 2.0 percent and adjusted earnings per diluted share of $0.22 on adjusted operating revenue of $8.4 billion Full year 2021 GAAP pre-tax income of $398 million, on total operating revenue of $29.9 billion The passenger load factor stood at 84.6% for American Airlines, 2.6% higher than a year earlier. The latest order announcement included 22 aircraft consisting of Airbus A350-1000s and A350-900s along with Boeing 787-9s valued at 7.5 billion dollars. If you would like to see similar evaluations for other markets around the globe, please let us know in the comments. He previously held senior editorial roles at Investopedia and Kapitall Wire and holds a MA in Economics from The New School for Social Research and Doctor of Philosophy in English literature from NYU. ";s:7:"keyword";s:31:"revenue per available seat mile";s:5:"links";s:633:"Plymouth Herald Family Announcements,
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